Started in November 2010, daily postings from the Keystone State
Education Coalition now reach more than 4050 Pennsylvania education
policymakers – school directors, administrators, legislators, legislative and
congressional staffers, Governor's staff, current/former PA Secretaries of
Education, Wolf education transition team members, superintendents, school solicitors,
principals, charter school leaders, PTO/PTA officers, parent advocates, teacher
leaders, business leaders, faith-based organizations, labor organizations,
education professors, members of the press and a broad array of P-16 regulatory
agencies, professional associations and education advocacy organizations via
emails, website, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn.
These daily emails are archived and searchable at http://keystonestateeducationcoalition.org
Follow us on Twitter at @lfeinberg
If any of your colleagues would
like to be added to the email list please have them send their name, title and
affiliation to KeystoneStateEdCoalition@gmail.com
PA Ed Policy Roundup for March 5, 2020
.@PSBA .@PASA .@PAIU school leaders: join us for
Advocacy Day in Harrisburg to support public education Monday March 23, 2020!
Info and registration: https://www.psba.org/event/advocacy-day-2020/
“The documents show expenses that include:
● $850,000 on August 8, 2018, for TV, radio, print, and digital
marketing to boost enrollment in the fall of 2018 (unredacted) (attached).
● $7 million on March 1, 2016, for services (redacted) from the
Bravo Group.
● $2.3 million on March 1, 2017, for services (redacted) from
the Bravo Group and $7.9 million for advertising and promotion expenditures in
2017-18 in an unredacted invoice schedule (attached).
● $6.4 million in redacted invoices for the 2018-19 school year.
(No contracts with the Bravo Group provided.)
● $6.2 million on March 1, 2019, for services (redacted) from
the Bravo Group.”
THIS is what charter school "transparency"
looks like under Pennsylvania’s broken charter school law.
Education Voters PA March 4, 2020
Six months ago, we set out with a simple
goal—to find out how a single cyber charter school in Pennsylvania spends
millions of taxpayer dollars on advertising each year. We filed a Right to Know
request with Commonwealth Charter Academy, one of Pennsylvania’s largest cyber
charter schools, requesting this information.
In the end, we received hundreds of
heavily-redacted documents and learned that in the absence of substantial
reforms to PA’s charter school law, anyone who wants to learn how charters
spend money on advertising will face an army of lawyers representing the
charter industry and the lobbying and PR firms that benefit from the current
system.
Today we sent this memo to
members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly detailing the how we ended up receiving
hundreds of pages of redacted documents instead of meaningful
information. Read the memo HERE.
EdVotersPA: Take action now to support charter school
reform in PA!
Education Voters PA Published by EDVOPA on February 25, 2020
We have helped build a movement to fix
Pennsylvania’s worst charter school law in the nation in every corner of the
commonwealth. Now it is time to take this movement to Harrisburg! Please click HERE and sign a letter to
your state representative and senator calling on them to support charter school
reform. Ed Voters’ volunteers will hand deliver each constituent letter to
state lawmakers’ offices in mid-March. Make sure yours is included! We will need to deliver thousands of letters
to send a strong message that Pennsylvanians expect lawmakers to take action
this legislative session.
Blogger note: charter funding reform is not simply an
urban/suburban school district concern…
Susquehanna County independent POSTED
BY: REGGIE SHEFFIELD MARCH 1, 2020
The Elk Lake School Board has sent to local
legislators a resolution calling for “meaningful” changes in the way
Pennsylvania funds charter schools. Elk Lake and many school districts across
the state have bemoaned the heavy financial burden they are faced with to pay
for students who choose not to attend traditional public school but instead
attend independent charter schools supported by public school funding. During a
January 14 hearing before the House Education Committee, members discussed a
bill authored and sponsored by committee chairman Rep. Curt Sonney (R-Erie),
which would eliminate all 14 of the state’s cyber charter schools serving
37,000 students and would require home school districts to create their own
cyber education programs. Critics have called the bill an “overreaction”
which would eliminate parent choice in sending students to a cyber charter
school or return them to a school district in which they have lost faith. Here
in Susquehanna County, Elk Lake superintendent Kenneth Cuomo expressed the
displeasure he and other school superintendents have with the state’s current
funding system. “Our governor summed it up best in his direct quote: ‘We have
this cyber charter law in the state of Pennsylvania which is the worst in the
nation.’ The funding system is broken and it is breaking the backs
of local school districts and — many people don’t see this — breaking the backs
of taxpayers and I’m just going to say this very bluntly, breaking the backs of
the students who are involved,” Cuomo said during last week’s school board
meeting.
Pennsylvania’s plan for toxic schools raises questions
By Christen Smith | The
Center Square March 3, 2020
Legislators agree that Pennsylvania’s toxic
schools – plagued with lead, asbestos and mold – need remediation,
but House Republicans said that increasing the state’s debt load to do it seems
like the wrong way to fix the problem. In January, Gov. Tom Wolf suggested
lawmakers authorize $1 billion in additional borrowing power through the
Redevelopment Assistance Capital Program (RCAP), a funding source traditionally
reserved for economic and cultural revitalization projects across the state. In
the three decades since its inception, the RCAP budget cap grew from $400
million to just over $4.5 billion, with recent curtailments in 2013 and 2017
bringing it back down to $3.35 billion. If Wolf’s plan wins majority support,
lawmakers must again raise the cap. “I don’t know why we are going through
RCAP,” Rep. George Dunbar, R-Westmoreland, said during a House Appropriations
Committee meeting Monday. “RCAP was not designed for schools, and it’s very
specific about what it’s designed for. Nobody wants to send kids to schools
with asbestos and lead, let’s not kid ourselves, but let’s find a proper way of
doing this.”
Blogger note: Senator Vincent Hughes is minority chairperson of
the Senate Appropriations Committee
Schools across Pennsylvania are crumbling and toxic.
Senator Hughes Website
The most notable examples are unfortunately
found in my home city of Philadelphia. However, our problem spans the
commonwealth. I have seen similar conditions in places such as McKeesport and
Allentown. I have also read reports of numerous schools fighting issues with lead,
asbestos, mold, carbon dioxide poisoning and more. Pennsylvania’s schools are
quite literally fail in regards to lead safety. And
because of aging infrastructure and a lack of a
comprehensive asset management plan, crumbling
and toxic schools will continue to be the norm for districts with lower funding
resources. We cannot let that continue because crumbling and toxic schools are
a public health issue. I am calling on my colleagues in Harrisburg to step up
and make our children’s health and safety our top priority. We have fought and
secured millions for immediate cleanups in Philadelphia, but we must do more
and expand the scope to benefit all of our schoolchildren.
Pa. Senate officials scrub details from financial
records, raising alarm among open records advocates
Inquirer by Angela Couloumbis of Spotlight PA and Brad
Bumsted and Sam Janesch of The Caucus, Updated: March 4, 2020-
3:55 PM
Spotlight
PA is an independent, nonpartisan
newsroom powered by The Philadelphia Inquirer in partnership with the
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and PennLive/Patriot-News. Sign
up for our free weekly newsletter.
HARRISBURG — Top officials with the
Pennsylvania Senate scrubbed thousands of detailed explanations about its
expenses from official records provided to two news organizations, raising
alarm among open records and good-government advocates. In turning over the documents,
requested by The Caucus and Spotlight PA, Senate officials did not black out
the explanations, but instead edited them out, making it appear as though they
never existed. The officials also did not disclose that they had removed the
information. “You can’t just delete things from public records,” said Terry
Mutchler, the first director of the state’s Office of Open Records and a
prominent First Amendment lawyer. “It is absolutely flabbergasting. It’s a new
level of anti-transparency. We are now in the anti-transparency Olympics.” The
records were requested as part of an ongoing effort to document exactly how the
nation’s largest full-time legislature spends the roughly $360 million in
taxpayer money it receives each year, including more than $100 million
allocated to the Senate.
“Pund laid out five major areas in the plan that he said should
be explored as soon as possible: Outsourcing transportation, facilities and
finance; outsourcing management and operations of schools; completing a
facilities assessment; reducing special education costs; and assessing
leadership. “Everything needs to be looked at in an out-of-the-box way, because
you don’t know if there’s potential savings and efficiencies without evaluating
it,” he said. It was the second recommendation that has drawn the most
attention during the pendency of the plan, as both proponents and opponents of
charter schools questioned what “outsourcing” might look like on the ground. Under
the language of Act 141 of 2012, which dictates Chester Upland’s “Financial
Recovery Status,” the district could convert an existing school or schools to
charters if doing so would result in financial savings.”
Chester Upland recovery plan discussed at hearing
Delco Times by Alex Rose March 5,
2020
MEDIA COURTHOUSE — A
proposed "Financial Recovery Plan" for the Chester Upland School
District still needs to be revised after an audit is performed for the
district’s two past fiscal years, according to testimony delivered this week
before Delaware County Common Pleas Court Judge Barry Dozor. Exactly how much
the audit will impact the plan remains to be seen, but the Pennsylvania
Department of Education is not recommending the judge adopt it at this time,
according to attorney John Flandreau. John Pund, a certified public accountant
who put together the plan with the help of PDE, district administration and
others, described it as a “work in process” that can be updated with new
financial information as it becomes available. Pund told the judge Tuesday that
the 2017-18 financials need to be restated to take into account $4.9 million in
payments to charter schools ordered by the Commonwealth Court, which is
expected to take about seven weeks. Auditors will not begin work on the 2018-19
audit until the prior year is complete, Pund said, and estimated that could
take another 90 days. Chester Community Charter School, which was a party to
the evidentiary hearings this week, filed a petition in November asking the
court to direct the district and PDE to issue requests for proposals on
charters taking over elementary schools in the district as part of the plan.
Dozor denied the petition as too vague and premature at a Dec. 4 hearing, but
left open the possibility that it could be filed again.
Mayor Jim Kenney’s budget would make community college
free for thousands of Philadelphians
Inquirer by Susan Snyder, Updated: March 5, 2020-
12:01 AM
Mayor Jim Kenney on Thursday will propose
significant new investment in students who attend the Community College of
Philadelphia: $63 million over five years for scholarships that could make it
tuition-free for thousands of people. City residents from low- and
moderate-income families who attend full time and who graduated from a
Philadelphia high school — public, private, cyber, or home school — would be
eligible. The scholarships would cover tuition not already paid for with state
or federal aid, as well as $1,500 per semester for food, books, and
transportation. The college also would provide students with enhanced coaching,
academic advising, and tutoring to keep them on track to get their associate
degrees within three years. City officials estimate the aid would help 6,500
students over five years — 2,300 of them in 2020-21. That’s equivalent to
nearly half of the college’s full-time enrollment in fall 2019, which was
4,763.
Teachers at Baldwin Township charter school plan labor
protest at board meeting
PITTSBURGH POST-GAZETTE MAR 4, 2020 5:23 PM
Teachers from the Young Scholars of Western
Pennsylvania Charter School in Baldwin Township plan to picket Thursday outside
a school board meeting for what they said was a “lack of progress” over 18
months of contract negotiations. The group of about 40 teachers
represented by the Pennsylvania State Education Association said they will
start to protest at 5:30 p.m. ahead of a scheduled 6 p.m. board meeting being
held at the school. “The school is not negotiating in good faith and has
continually stonewalled the process by refusing to agree to many of the
most basic contractual items,” Matt Edgell, PSEA region advocacy coordinator,
said in a statement. “Another issue that appears to be prolonging the
negotiations is the fact that none of the school’s representatives at the
bargaining table have any involvement in the day to day operations of
the school. They don’t know what’s going on.”
Nonbinary student, parent sue Bethlehem school district,
IU 20 over misuse of pronouns, name
By JACQUELINE PALOCHKO THE MORNING
CALL | MAR 04, 2020 | 4:49 PM
A 15-year-old student who identifies as
nonbinary and their mother filed a federal lawsuit against Bethlehem Area
School District and Colonial Intermediate Unit 20, alleging that the student
was “repeatedly tormented and abused” by being referred to with the wrong
pronouns and name. The lawsuit, filed Monday in the U.S. District Court, claims
the district and IU 20 subjected the student, identified as “Roe,” to
discrimination because of Roe’s gender identity. In addition to the district
and IU 20, the lawsuit names Randy Alan Herzon, a licensed counselor with IU
20, and James McDonald, a licensed social worker and director of behavioral
health services with IU 20. The lawsuit also claims that the student has an
individual education plan for their mental health challenges, but the
defendants failed to fully implement the IEP and, by harassing and
discriminating against Roe, worsened the student’s gender dysphoria. Gender
dysphoria is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a conflict
between a person’s physical or assigned gender and the gender with which
he/she/they identify.
‘Friends’ of
public education? Study examines ‘paradox’ behind Philly school fundraising
groups
WHYY By Avi Wolfman-Arent March 5, 2020
At first glance, there is nothing “shadowy”
about the rise of fundraising organizations tied to Philadelphia public
schools. Often known as “Friends
of” groups — as in “Friends
of Adaire” or “Friends
of Chester Arthur” — these independently run
nonprofits are typically associated with the sunny side of public
education: new playgrounds, silent-auction fundraisers, and 5K fun runs. But
researchers Ryan Good and Katharine Nelson say there is a central paradox
embedded in these “Friends of” groups, which have burst onto the scene in many
wealthy or gentrifying parts of Philadelphia. While those who contribute to
these groups are ideologically committed to public education and the notion of
equal education for all, Good and Nelson say their fundraising efforts can
exacerbate inequities among public schools. They argue in a paper released last month in the Journal of
Education Policy that the higher-income families
who seem most committed to the idea of public schools are supporting them in a
way that undermines their publicness.
Another round of school tax hikes, no sign of reform |
Letter
By Ed Kihm, Quakertown Express-Times
Letters to the Editor Posted Mar 04, 2020
Another season of school property tax
increases is approaching in Pennsylvania, and you can bet that at least 95% of
the 500 school districts will be raising taxes — many of them above the useless Act 1 limit. Legislators
would rather have you sing “do that to me one more time, once is never enough”
while they raise your taxes with a smile on their face, letting the
bully-thugocracy continue. The reality is that most state legislators like the
system as it is. They enjoy having their campaigns generously financed by the
labor unions and large amounts of “uncoded” contributions. All of this can be
verified through FollowTheMoney. org. Just enter your legislators’ names
and you can easily find how much they benefit at your expense. Many of them
continue to cite the property tax as a stable way of financing the public
schools while there’s clear evidence of the opposite. Thousands of delinquent
tax claims are filed annually in every county, and some schools can’t afford
basic essentials like paper. That’s exactly what happened at the Sto-Rox School District in
western Pennsylvania. Imagine that, billions of dollars spent annually on public
schools in Pennsylvania and yet there are poor struggling districts. Public
school funding needs to be modernized by completely eliminating the property
tax and removing the tax authority of the school districts, so all districts
can be fully and fairly funded without forcing people out of their homes.
Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib Seeks 'Necessary Oversight'
of Charter Schools
Education Week By Andrew Ujifusa on March
4, 2020 11:46 AM
Legislation from a high-profile freshman in
Congress would require charter schools to disclose whether they are managed by
a for-profit or nonprofit entity, the salary of each executive at charter
management groups, and how much charter-management agencies are spending on
schools versus their own operations. However, critics of the bill written by
Rep. Rashida Tlaib, R-Mich., say charters already report some of the
information the bill focuses on, and that it attempts to bring under federal
control what's best left to state and local communities to figure out. The Charter
Oversight, Accountability, and Transparency (COAT) Act, introduced
late last week, would require charter-management organizations to hold
"publicly disclosed and publicly accessible meetings" if they have
contracts with school districts. It would also require CMOs to specify the
amount of money they spend on advertising and marketing, as well as "any
other cost exceeding one percent" of the organization's budget. The COAT
Act, which has 34 original co-sponsors (those who signed onto the bill
before it was introduced) in Congress and is backed by the two national
teachers' unions and other education groups, represents the latest pushback to
charter schools from national Democratic Party politicians.
Education Dept. Reverses Plan to Cut Rural School Funding
The reversal, which followed a bipartisan
backlash, will last for only a year unless Congress permanently changes the
program’s eligibility requirements.
New York Times By Erica
L. Green March 4, 2020
WASHINGTON — Facing a bipartisan backlash led
by Republican lawmakers, the Trump administration is backing off a bookkeeping
change that would have drastically cut federal funds for rural
schools — at least for a year. Betsy
DeVos, the education secretary, will allow states to more easily qualify for
funding under the Rural and Low-Income School Program, after hundreds of
districts faced cuts when the department abruptly began using eligibility
requirements it had not enforced in 17 years. During a program review, the
department discovered that schools had been receiving funding based on the
number of students who qualify for free or reduced-price meals rather than
poverty data from the census, as is required by law. But Ms. DeVos determined
that she had the authority to allow the use of alternative data for an
additional year, said Angela Morabito, a department spokeswoman. The department
has also proposed language for Congress to permanently change the data source
in the law. “We hope they act quickly,” Ms. Morabito said. The new requirements
would have kicked an estimated 800 schools out of the program next school year,
and superintendents were bracing for budget cuts of $30,000 to $100,000.
Webinar: Rising Mandated Costs for School Districts
PASchoolsWork Lunch & Learn Webinar Tuesday, March 10th
12:00 – 12:30 p.m.
Mandated costs are rising for school
districts across PA. Join us next Tuesday at Noon to learn more about what
exactly these costs are and what their impact is on school districts. Register
for our Lunch & Learn webinar here:
PSBA: Coronavirus Preparedness Guidance
In the last few weeks, the novel coronavirus
(SARS-CoV-2), which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has become a topic
of concern nationwide. Although the virus is not widespread in Pennsylvania at
this time, that status could change. Being proactive is key to prevention and
mitigation. Below, you will find a list of resources on all aspects of
preparedness, including guidance on communication planning, policy, emergency
management and disease control. Use these resources to help you make decisions
regarding the safety and health of those in your school district.
Bucks County Intermediate Unit: FLU AND CORONAVIRUS
RESOURCES
Resources for School Leaders; Bucks County
Intermediate Unit Website
This page contains a collection of news
articles, health agency resources, and school system templates related to the
Flu and Coronavirus. This page is by no means exhaustive and in no way
serves as an endorsement for specific resources. Instead, it
serves as a collection point for school leaders seeking resources and
exemplars. Please contact Dr.
Mark Hoffman with any additional documents or
links to post!
Blogger note: support Governor Wolf’s proposed charter reforms:
Reprise: PA Ed Policy Roundup for Feb 10, 2020
1. Adopt resolution for charter funding
reform
2. Ask your legislators to cosponsor HB2261
or SB1024
3. Register for Advocacy Day on March 23rd
Adopt: the 2020 PSBA resolution for charter school funding
reform
PSBA Website POSTED ON FEBRUARY 3,
2020 IN PSBA
NEWS
In this legislative session, PSBA has been
leading the charge with the Senate, House of Representatives and the Governor’s
Administration to push for positive charter reform. We’re now asking you to
join the campaign: Adopt the resolution: We’re asking all school
boards to adopt the 2020 resolution for charter school funding reform at your
next board meeting and submit it to your legislators and to PSBA.
Cosponsor: A 120-page
charter reform proposal is being introduced as House Bill
2261 by Rep. Joseph Ciresi (D-Montgomery), and Senate Bill 1024,
introduced by Senators Lindsey Williams (D-Allegheny) and James Brewster
(D-Allegheny). Ask your legislator to sign on as a cosponsor to House Bill
2261 or Senate Bill 1024.
Register: Five compelling reasons for .@PSBA .@PASA .@PAIU school leaders to come to the Capitol
for Advocacy Day on March 23rd:
Charter Reform
Cyber Charter Reform
Basic Ed Funding
Special Ed Funding
PLANCON
For more
information: https://www.psba.org/event/advocacy-day-2020/
Hear relevant content from statewide experts, district practitioners and
PSBA government affairs staff at PSBA’s annual membership gathering. PSBA
Sectional Advisors and Advocacy Ambassadors are on-site to connect with
district leaders in their region and share important information for you to
take back to your district.
Locations and dates
- Wednesday,
March 18, 2020 — Section 7, PSBA
Headquarters, 400 Bent Creek Blvd, Mechanicsburg, PA 17050
- Tuesday,
March 24, 2020 — Section 1, General McLane
High School, 11761 Edinboro Rd, Edinboro, PA 16412
- Tuesday,
March 24, 2020 — Section 4, Abington
Heights School District, 200 East Grove Street, Clark Summit, PA 18411
- Wednesday,
March 25, 2020 — Section 3, Columbia-Montour
AVTS, 5050 Sweppenheiser Dr., Bloomsburg, PA 17815
- Wednesday,
March 25, 2020 — Section 6, Bedford County
Technical Center, 195 Pennknoll Road, Everett, PA 15537
- Thursday,
March 26, 2020 — Section 2, State College
Area High School, 650 Westerly Pkwy, State College, PA 16801
- Monday,
March 30, 2020 — Section 5, Forbes Road
Career & Technology Center, 607 Beatty Road, Monroeville, PA 15146
- Monday, March 30, 2020 — Section 8, East Penn School District, 800 Pine St, Emmaus,
PA 18049
- Tuesday, April 7, 2020 — Section 5, Washington School District, 311 Allison
Avenue, Washington, PA 15301
- Tuesday, April 7, 2020 — Section 8, School District of Haverford Twp, 50 East Eagle
Road, Havertown, PA 19083
Sectional Meetings are 6:00 p.m. -8:00 p.m. (across all locations). Light
refreshments will be offered.
Cost: Complimentary for
PSBA member entities.
Registration: Registration is
now open. To register, please sign into myPSBA and look for
Store/Registration on the left.
Allegheny County Legislative Forum on Education March 12
by Allegheny Intermediate Unit Thu, March
12, 2020 7:00 PM – 10:00 PM EDT
Join us on March 12 at 7:00 pm for the
Allegheny Intermediate Unit's annual Allegheny County Legislative Forum. The
event will feature a discussion with state lawmakers on a variety of issues
impacting public schools. We hope you will join us and be part of the
conversation about education in Allegheny County.
Event: Transparency
in Pennsylvania Cyber Charter Schools
A Free Educational Event Hosted at Capitol
Building in Harrisburg, March 16, 2020
CONTACT Holly Lubart EMAIL HollyL@PANewsMedia.org PHONE 717-703-3032
A Free Sunshine Week Educational Event Hosted
at Capitol Building in Harrisburg, Pa.
Guest Speaker: Sarah Hofius Hall, Education
Reporter, The Times-Tribune
Guest Speaker: Representative Curt
Sonney, Chairman, House Education Committee
Guest Speaker from the Wolf Administration
To register for this event, please complete
the form below.
All school
leaders are invited to attend Advocacy Day at the state Capitol in
Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania School Boards Association (PSBA), Pennsylvania
Association of Intermediate Units (PAIU) and the Pennsylvania Association of
School Administrators (PASA) are partnering together to strengthen our advocacy
impact. The day will center around meetings with legislators to discuss
critical issues affecting public education. Click here for more information or register
at http://www.mypsba.org/
School
directors can register online now by logging in to myPSBA. If you need assistance
logging in and registering contact Alysha Newingham, Member Data System
Administrator at alysha.newingham@psba.org
Register now for
Network for Public Education Action National Conference in Philadelphia March
28-29, 2020
Registration, hotel
information, keynote speakers and panels:
NSBA annual conference -- April 4-6, 2020 Chicago
Registration for the 2020 NSBA Annual
Conference is now open. The event will be held April 4-6 in Chicago
PSBA Board Presidents Panel April 27, 28 and 29; Multiple
Locations
Offered at 10 locations across the state,
this annual event supports current and aspiring school board leaders through
roundtable conversations with colleagues as well as a facilitated panel of
experienced regional and statewide board presidents and superintendents. Board
Presidents Panel is designed to equip new and veteran board presidents and vice
presidents as well as superintendents and other school directors who may pursue
a leadership position in the future.
PARSS Annual Conference April 29 – May 1, 2020 in State
College
The 2020 PARSS Conference is April 29 through
May 1, 2020, at Wyndham Garden Hotel at Mountain View Country Club in State
College. Please register as a member or a vendor by accessing the links below.
Register today for the 2020 PASA/PA Principals
Association PA Educational Leadership Summit, August 2-4, at the Lancaster
Marriott at Penn Square
(hosted by the PA Principals Association and
the PA Association of School Administrators). Participants can earn up to 80
PIL hours (40 hours for the Summit and - for an additional cost of $50 -
40 hours for EdCamp) for
attending the conference and completing program requirements. Register
early to reserve your seat! The deadline to take advantage of the Early Bird
Discount is April 24, 2020.
Click here to
register today!
Any comments contained herein are my comments, alone, and
do not necessarily reflect the opinions of any other person or organization
that I may be affiliated with.
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